the house is jointly owned

jointly ['dʒɔɪntlɪ]

adverb

conjointement;

∎ to own/manage jointly coposséder/cogérer;

∎ the house is jointly owned la maison est en copropriété;

∎ Law jointly liable coresponsable, conjointement responsable;

∎ Finance jointly and severally conjointement et solidairement

commoner, commonest

1) (belonging equally to all) gemeinsam [Ziel, Interesse, Sache, Unternehmung, Vorteil, Merkmal, Sprache]

2) (belonging to the public) öffentlich

3) (usual) gewöhnlich; normal; (frequent) häufig [Vorgang, Erscheinung, Ereignis, Erlebnis]; allgemein verbreitet [Sitte, Wort, Redensart]

4) (without rank or position) einfach

5) (vulgar) gemein; gewöhnlich (abwertend), ordinär (ugs. abwertend) [Ausdrucksweise, Mundart, Aussehen, Benehmen]

1) (land) Gemeindeland, das; Allmende, die

2)

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1) (seen or happening often; quite normal or usual: a common occurrence; These birds are not so common nowadays.) gewöhnlich

2) (belonging equally to, or shared by, more than one: This knowledge is common to all of us; We share a common language.) gemeinsam

3) (publicly owned: common property.) allgemein

4) (coarse or impolite: She uses some very common expressions.) gewöhnlich, gemein

5) (of ordinary, not high, social rank: the common people.) einfach

6) (of a noun, not beginning with a capital letter (except at the beginning of a sentence): The house is empty.) Gattungs-...

- academic.ru/14625/commoner">commoner

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[ˈkɒmən, AM ˈkɑ:-]

I. adj

<-er, -est or more \common, most \common>

1. (often encountered) üblich, gewöhnlich

a \common name ein gängiger [o weit verbreiteter] Name

a \common saying ein verbreiteter Spruch

2. (normal) normal

it is \common practice... es ist allgemein üblich...

\common courtesy/decency ein Gebot nt der Höflichkeit/des Anstands

it's \common courtesy... es gehört sich einfach...

\common salt Kochsalz nt

3. (widespread) weit verbreitet

it is \common knowledge that... es ist allgemein bekannt, dass...

a \common ailment ein weit verbreitetes Übel

a \common disease eine weit verbreitete Krankheit

4. inv (shared) gemeinsam

\common area allgemeiner Bereich

by \common assent/consent mit allgemeiner Zustimmung/Einwilligung

\common bathroom Gemeinschaftsbad nt

to make \common cause with sb mit jdm gemeinsame Sache machen

for the \common good für das Gemeinwohl

to be on \common ground with sb jds Ansichten teilen

\common interests gemeinsame Interessen

\common property (held jointly) Gemeinschaftseigentum nt; (known by most people) Allgemeingut nt

tenancy in \common Bruchteilsgemeinschaft f

in \common gemeinsam

to have sth in \common [with sb] etw [mit jdm] gemein haben

we've got a lot of interests in \common wir haben viele gemeinsame Interessen

5. ZOOL, BOT sparrow, primrose gemein

( pej: vulgar) vulgär

a \common slut eine ordinäre Schlampe pej fam

7. (ordinary) einfach

a \common criminal ein gewöhnlicher Verbrecher/eine gewöhnliche Verbrecherin pej

a \common thief ein gemeiner Dieb/eine gemeine Diebin

8. (low-ranking) einfach, gemein veraltend

a \common labourer ein einfacher Arbeiter/eine einfache Arbeiterin

the \common man der Normalbürger [o Durchschnittsbürger]

\common people einfache Leute

a \common soldier ein einfacher Soldat

II. n Gemeindeland nt; (park) öffentliche Grünfläche, Anger m DIAL; (fields and woods) Allmende f

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1. adj (+er)

1) (= shared by many) gemeinsam; property also Gemein-, gemeinschaftlich

2) (= frequently seen or heard etc) häufig; word also weitverbreitet, weit verbreitet, geläufig; experience also allgemein; animal, bird häufig pred, häufig anzutreffend attr; belief, custom, animal, bird (weit)verbreitet, weit verbreitet; (= customary, usual) normal

3) (= ordinary) gewöhnlich

4) (= vulgar, low-class) gewöhnlich

2. n

1) (= land) Anger m, Gemeindewiese f

2)

3)

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common [ˈkɒmən; US ˈkɑ-]

A adj (adv → commonly)

1. gemeinsam, gemeinschaftlich:

our common interest;

common to all allen gemeinsam;

we are on common ground there ( oder on this point) in diesem Punkt sind wir uns einig;

that was common ground in yesterday’s debate darüber waren sich in der gestrigen Debatte alle einig;

be common ground between the parties JUR von keiner der Parteien bestritten werden;

they have sufficient common ground sie haben genügend Gemeinsamkeiten;

there isn’t much common ground es gibt nicht viele Gemeinsamkeiten; → cause A 3, property 1

2. a) allgemein

b) öffentlich:

by common consent mit allgemeiner Zustimmung;

common crier besonders HIST öffentlicher Ausrufer; → good A 2

3. Gemeinde…, Stadt…

4. notorisch, berüchtigt (Verbrecher etc)

5. a) allgemein (bekannt), alltäglich, gewöhnlich, normal, vertraut

b) häufig:

be common häufig vorkommen;

it is a common belief es wird allgemein geglaubt;

one of the commonest ( oder most common) causes eine der häufigsten Ursachen;

it is common knowledge (usage) es ist allgemein bekannt (üblich);

a very common name ein sehr häufiger Name;

common sight alltäglicher oder vertrauter Anblick;

common talk Stadtgespräch n; → practice A 1

6. üblich, allgemein gebräuchlich:

common salt gewöhnliches Salz, Kochsalz n

7. besonders BIOL gemein (die häufigste Art bezeichnend):

common or garden bes Br umg Feld-Wald- und-Wiesen-…; → cold C 3

8. allgemein zugänglich, öffentlich

9. gewöhnlich, minderwertig, zweitklassig

10. abgedroschen (Phrase etc)

11. gewöhnlich, ordinär (Br besonders Person)

12. gewöhnlich, ohne Rang:

the common man der einfache Mann von der Straße;

the common people das einfache Volk;

common soldier einfacher Soldat; → herd A 2

13. MATH gemeinsam: → denominator 1

B s

1. Allmende f, Gemeindeland n (heute oft Parkanlage in der Ortsmitte)

2. auch right of common Mitbenutzungsrecht n (of an dat):

common of pasture Weiderecht; → fishery 5, piscary 1, turbary 1

3. Gemeinsamkeit f:

(act) in common gemeinsam (vorgehen);

in common with (genau) wie;

with so much in common bei so vielen Gemeinsamkeiten;

have sth in common with etwas gemein haben mit;

we have nothing in common wir haben nichts miteinander gemein;

they have many interests in common sie haben viele gemeinsame Interessen;

hold sth in common etwas gemeinsam besitzen

4. (das) Gewöhnliche, Norm f:

out of the common außergewöhnlich, -ordentlich

5. → commons

com. abk

1. comedy

2. comma

3. commander

4. commerce

5. commercial

6. commission

7. commissioner

8. committee

9. common

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commoner, commonest

1) (belonging equally to all) gemeinsam [Ziel, Interesse, Sache, Unternehmung, Vorteil, Merkmal, Sprache]

2) (belonging to the public) öffentlich

3) (usual) gewöhnlich; normal; (frequent) häufig [Vorgang, Erscheinung, Ereignis, Erlebnis]; allgemein verbreitet [Sitte, Wort, Redensart]

4) (without rank or position) einfach

5) (vulgar) gemein; gewöhnlich (abwertend), ordinär (ugs. abwertend) [Ausdrucksweise, Mundart, Aussehen, Benehmen]

1) (land) Gemeindeland, das; Allmende, die

2)

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allgemein adj.

allgemein bekannt adj.

geläufig adj.

gemeinsam adj.

zusammen adj. n.

verbreitet adj.

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Mining and extraction technology, Weapons and armour

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The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.

It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.

In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.

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